PSG has now won the season-opening trophy on fourteen different occasions.
The Parisian giants required a stoppage-time equaliser followed by a successful penalty shootout to get past their arch-rivals in the Gulf and secure a fourth straight Trophee des Champions victory.
The Champions League holders appeared to be sailing towards a straightforward triumph in the match between the French league champions and the French Cup winners after Ousmane Dembele opened the net early on.
Yet, Marseille fired two times late to seize a shock lead. Initially, the English forward scored from the penalty spot, before the defender inadvertently turned the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a remarkable twist of fortune, the Portuguese striker snatched a crucial equaliser in the final seconds to send the contest into a deciding shootout. PSG goalkeeper Lucas Chevalier then emerged as the hero, saving decisive attempts from Matt O'Riley and Traore.
In the shootout, Ramos, Vitinha, the full-back, and Desire Doue all scored with composure for PSG to seal a convincing penalty win.
Now 14-time champions PSG, who faced last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Marseille after completing a league and cup double, have now lifted this competition for the twelfth time in the past 13 seasons.